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Express Newspapers / Hulton Archive via Getty Images
British police examine suspects for the seven initiation cuts on the body that marked a member of the Mau Mau secret society in this November 1952 image.
LONDON — It is a court case that could reverberate round the world: Three elderly Kenyans are suing the U.K. government for torture inflicted by the colonial regime during the African country's struggle for independence.
If the Kenyans win — a ruling on the case is expected later this week — claims from others involved in the so-called Mau Mau uprising are highly likely and experts say it could set a precedent that would help victims of abuses in other countries that were once part of the British Empire.
The court case could also attract the attention of President Barack Obama. In his book “Dreams From My Father,” Obama said he was told by his step-grandmother Sarah that his Kenyan grandfather Onyango was held for six months in a detention camp by the colonial authorities. “When he returned … he was very thin and dirty. He had difficulty walking, and his head was full of lice,” Obama wrote.
Compared to his compatriots seeking compensation from the U.K., Onyango Obama got off lightly: In court, the two men and a woman described being savagely beaten, castrated, sexually assaulted, and witnessing killings during British rule in the 1950s.
Such stories are not confined to the former British Empire.
France, for example, has refused to apologize for its actions as former colony Algeria struggled for independence in the 1950s and early 1960s, with former president Nicolas Sarkozy saying “repentance” had “no place in our relations.”
And Germany only finally said sorry for a particularly extreme case of genocide by German forces in Namibia on the 100th anniversary of the massacre of tens of thousands of Herero people. Germany does pay aid to Namibia, but has to date refused to compensate the Herero directly.
The United States also has a colonial past with Spain handing over Philippines in 1898. Some, as noted by Filipino academic E. San Juan Jr., say the resulting Philippine-American War saw the deaths of about 1.4 million Filipinos while others put the toll in the hundreds of thousands. Despite this, Philippines and the U.S. have close relations and many Filipinos have positive feelings toward Americans.
More international coverage from NBC News
In contrast, ill will still exists in Kenya over British colonial rule, but in July, there was a potential breakthrough when the U.K. government admitted for the first time that civilians were tortured during the Mau Mau revolt.
Guy Mansfield, a lawyer representing Britain, told the three Kenyan claimants — Paulo Muoka Nzili, Wambuga Wa Nyingi and Jane Muthoni Mara – that he did "not want to dispute the fact that terrible things happened to you.”
However, the U.K. is still arguing that the events of the uprising took place too long ago to enable a fair trial to be held. The defense team expects a judge to rule on this argument this week. A decision against the government would leave it with few legal options.
'Children were killed'
Previously the U.K. claimed that the victims should sue Kenya, rather than the U.K., an argument the Kenyans’ lawyer, Martyn Day, dismissed as "nonsense" and that was rejected by a judge in a previous ruling.
In July, Nyingi, 84, told the U.K.’s High Court through an interpreter that he was detained for nine years during which he was beaten unconscious as 11 others were battered to death, according to a report by the Press Association news service.
Ben Stansall / AFP - Getty Images, file
A lawyer representing the U.K. government told Wambuga Wa Nyingi and two other Kenyans that he did "not want to dispute the fact that terrible things happened to you."
"In the years before independence people were beaten, their land was stolen, women were raped, men were castrated and their children were killed,” Nyingi said.
Nzili, 85, said he was abducted by Mau Mau fighters, but later escaped only to be arrested by the colonial authorities, who castrated him. His treatment left him “completely destroyed and without hope.”
Mara, 73, told the court she was beaten with sticks and sexually assaulted with a glass bottle containing hot water after she gave food to Mau Mau members.
Day, the lawyer, told NBCNews.com that “without any question … the [U.K.] government is very worried about the implications of any decision” in the case.
From ITV News: Tutu urges UK to show compassion to Kenyan torture victims
In addition to “many, many more people in Kenya,” he said he thought “significant numbers of groups of people the former British Empire who would be looking at that judgment.”
He said a victory for the Kenyans could help the victims of abuses in countries like Malaysia — the source of recent legal action against the U.K. -- Cyprus and possibly India claim compensation.
Day said some people in Britain “feel perhaps we are superior to the Germans and Japanese and countries where atrocities have occurred, but actually there is always a significant proportion of people who are pretty grim.”
France’s ‘horrific crimes’
The years leading up to independence for Algeria saw one of the world’s most violent and bitter conflicts to end colonial rule, which was the subject of a critically acclaimed film, “Battle of Algiers.”
So much so, that when Algeria celebrated its 50th anniversary of independence on July 5 this year, France was pointedly not invited.
During the 1954-1962 revolt, a million lives were lost and people were murdered, raped and tortured by both sides; the newly independent Algeria was left economically devastated.
“The horrific crimes committed by the French during colonization are entrenched in the memories of Algerians,” explained Farouk Ksentini, president of Algeria’s National Commission on Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. “We suffered like animals from humiliation, exploitation, expropriation and slaughter … France must repent for its crimes.”
Dominique Berretty / Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images
French security forces take to the streets after a riot broke out in Algiers, Algeria, in 1960.
Ksentini said he was aware of only one Algerian who had been financially compensated by France over the conflict. In 2001, a French court awarded an invalidity pension to Mohamed Garne, conceived after French soldiers raped his mother.
To date, no French president has said sorry. During an official visit in 2007, Sarkozy told two Algerian newspapers he was in favor of “a recognition of the facts, [but] not for repentance which has a religious notion and no place in our relations state-to-state.”
The current President Francois Hollande may shift French policy; during his election campaign last year, he condemned colonization and declared, “The truth must be said.”
German extermination order
In Namibia in 1904, German General Adrian von Trotha gave an infamous order that “the Herero nation must now leave the country. If it refuses, I shall compel it to do so with the 'long tube' [cannon]. Any Herero found inside the German frontier, with or without a gun or cattle, will be executed. I shall spare neither women nor children."
Fotosearch via Getty Images
A group of starving Herero survivors return after being driven into the desert of Omaheke by German forces in Namibia in about 1907.
The order was issued after a number of Herero rebelled and killed more than 100 German soldiers. There are different figures, but according to one estimate more than 60,000 people -- a significant proportion of the population that some put as high as 85 percent -- were dead within three years and thousands of Demara and Nama people were also killed.
Germany's return of Namibian skulls stokes anger
In 2004, Germany issued a formal apology. It also makes aid payments to Namibia, but has not directly paid compensation to the Herero.
Kuaima Riruaku, the paramount chief of the Herero and a politician in Namibia’s parliament, told NBC News that his people were still feeling the effects of the massacre.
“They destroyed the Herero as a people. They destroyed the culture and the manhood,” he said.
“We’ve lost a lot of things, our land and our property … our cattle and everything that was confiscated by the German government,” he said.
“Now we’re in the minority [in the Herero’s homeland]. We [would have been] the majority here if we didn’t fight the Germans,” he added.
Riruaku said for years Germany had ignored the Herero’s request for reparations.
“It’s taken more than 25 to 30 years, but now they seem to listen … there’s a little chance of hope,” he said. “Now we just talk to one another as human to human … they seem to understand why we are doing this.”
He said Germany should reach a financial settlement with the Herero “in order to … restore their humanity.”
Asked whether too much time had passed for such a deal, Riruaku said “that was the argument before … but the wound and the scar … are not yet forgotten.”
A spokeswoman for the German foreign ministry told NBC News that the German government “admits to the moral and historic responsibility towards Namibia, but the federal government does not allow for individual payments of compensation to representatives of the respective ethnic groups.”
'Kill everyone over 10'
Another infamous order in colonial history was issued by U.S. General Jake “Hell-Roaring” Smith, whose reported command to “Kill everyone over 10” during the Philippines-American War of 1899-1902 caused outrage in the United States.
Retired Philippines Navy Commodore Rex Robles, 69, told NBC News that “the most prominent issue against the Americans in the Filipino-American War was the devastation of Samar, where hundreds were killed in cold blood by American troops in that province in retaliation for an ambush by Filipino rebels."
Captain Jf Case / Hulton Archive via Getty Images
American troops fire on insurgents in the Philippines during the Philippine-American War, circa 1899.
"The issue of the ‘Bells of Balangiga’ lingers to this day. The sacred church bells were taken by the Americans as war booty and never returned,” he added.
He said the Americans were “illegitimate conquerors,” adding that the Filipino forces had “fought valiantly against the usurpers, but were faced with superior force and logistics."
However, Robles said that Filipinos in general have a “positive attitude and feeling toward America.”
“This is fostered by the U.S. image as liberators from the Japanese occupation [during World War II], as well as the all-pervasive propaganda stemming from the American propaganda machine,” he said.
David Anderson, professor of African politics at England’s Oxford University, said propaganda was used by countries to cover their past crimes.
The U.K. was a world leader on torture and taught other countries how to do it, he said, but had created “a myth” that such behavior was not “British.”
He noted similarities between the language used to try to legalize torture by the British in Kenya – euphemisms such as “dilution” – and the George W. Bush administration’s insistence that waterboarding was not illegal, but simply “enhanced interrogation.”
What is torture? Ex-CIA official renews debate
“It’s very important to have a broader perspective. Torture has gone on, kind of everywhere and every time.” Anderson said. “It’s not a novelty, and in conflicts, bad stuff happens, so it should not surprise us.”
Anderson, who wrote a book called “Histories of the Hanged: Britain's Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire,” said right-leaning U.K. commentators tended to dismiss “people like me” for “bashing the empire.”
"That totally misunderstands the point and that is not what I’m doing," he said. "The fundamental for me is if torture happens, then we need to do something about it."
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Leave a Comment:
More blacks looking for handouts.... honestly, how would this race survive without others to mooch off of? Romney was right... they love playing the victim. Africa is a perfect example of what the black culture is capable of.... why would it be any different elsewhere. Give these idiots a kick in the azz and some prison time.
SOON.
But, the 'regurgitated' colonists 'always' find their way to go murder, maim and steal these tiny impotent nations oil/gas and natural resources, huh? So 'really' who are the 'true moochers?'
Ok, now lets get back to Alexander the Great, Ceasar, etc etc etc, and have all the countries that they conquered sue both Greece and Italy for all the past bad behaviours.
Or, why not get on with it and move on to improving your pathetic countries and lives. The past is dead and gone. I am not saying it was right or wrong, learn from it and move on.
Those who duel in the past, stay in the past and never prosper. They get handouts. The game of 'you owe me' is a pathetic way to play. You will remain where you are, while every one else is moving forward. This time though, you victimize your self. Move on.
You better get hold of the parasite Jews and convince them that (((sucking))) on the German nation's, EU, and US teet for most part of 100 years is 'taking it too far,' dah?
Atrocities committed by human beings on other human beings sicken me but no amount of reparation will undo the past.
We don't want reparations just their elimination will be fine.
No, don't say that 'we don't want reparations'...I sure as hell do, for the evil and violence inflicted upon my black forebearers in this racist nation...but what would satisfy such a demand? The US Government issued checks to the Japanese citizens it put into internment camps; Native Americans were subject to genocidal practices, but allowed to survive with some of their land (but not all of it, obviously). Remember when President Bill Clinton called himself offering an apology for slavery some time ago? He got slammed, ridiculed, castigated, verbally abused, whatever... hey, this country has a long way to go towards even facing the truth about its past. There's even a move by some states (like Texas) to eliminate the topic of slavery from history books used in schools. In order to eliminate a problem (like racism and white superiority), one has to admit that one has a problem and become willing to consent to be treated for that problem. Reading some of these posts, do you think these folks are ready to come to grips with not just the facts revealed in an article --- but with the TRUTH? Really?
You can feel the hot breath of your mortality on the back of your Neck and it's unnerving, that breath will grow hotter in the future and you will long for the day that you had never done such evil.
What is the cut off line? Slavery, crushing the opposition, looting of the vanquished is how things have been done for millennium. How far back can you sue?
Uncle Ben.. Shut up!!
News like this makes me smile, and makes the authors of current crimes against humanity like GITMO and the slaughterhouse drone war going on around the world tremble in their boots. Remember murderers - justice never sleeps. You think it will never happen to you but rest assured, one day it will be your turn to account for your crimes. Bank on it.
What a total laugher. The United States, when it comes to torture, is a complete amateur, historically. Not withstanding a few very cruel, mentally unstable individuals, who were eventually prosecuted and punished by the US government, US government and military personnel have never performed torture methods even a fraction of those by black controlled governments in EVERY African country, every middle eastern country, every Asian country, every South American Country and every Central American country. Any attempted litigation which accuses the US of any sort of cruelty should simply be scoffed at and ignored. Those muslims who sawed off the head of the reporter, while recording the act on video, must have laughed out loud when government attempted to defend its use of water boarding.
Great article, interesting posts! What I find troubling about the action is that they cannot name who gave the orders to commit the alleged atrocities or why. They name an entire country, a race, and it's citizens as an Imperial Power and therefore owe the colonies reparations. Sounds like an extension and exploitation of "white guilt" to me. Here in the United States we hear of hundreds of examples of so called atrocities against our native tribes or blacks or whomever. Hollywood makes a living by producing T.V. shows and movies about it. Yet, they cannot name names, and if they could, are those named still alive to be tried? The answer is NO.
Before you go off on a tangent let me qualify myself. I am 1/16 Lakota, white skin, brown curly hair with blue eyes. I am not recognized as either being a member of the tribe or of being white, even though I appear to be white. At one time, if I told of my heritage I would have been looked down upon. I know my ancestry, and I don't use them to bolster myself. I am an American, and I am a product of my own will and work ethic. How am I culpable for crimes against my own people? How am I entitled to ancestral land? When people point the finger of blame at someone else it must rest on an individual, not an entire country because not all are to blame nor did they all benefit.
My ancestors were born free men. I am a free man. My rights as a free man are from my creator. If another man says I am not, I still have a choice to live or die as a free man. How will you choose?
Shifting Gears;
Too much perpendicular pronoun here. Don't know what "brown curly hair and blue eyes" have to do with anything.
Different times, different places, different people... same devil same demons.
The issue of colonialism and related acts of unilateral invasion of sovereign nations (hmmm, is this perchance still going on today?) is very complex. Due to the passage of time and other factors, sadly I believe it is no longer possible for wholesale reparations. However, it is NOT too late for formal apologies, and that would apply to Western Europe in its entirety, not to mention the USA. It is difficult to understand why many of these nations refuse to apologize, at the very least, for the awful things they perpetrated against societies smaller and weaker. Are they actually still attempting to present to the world the charade that their souls are stainless and pristine??!! The world can only move in one direction, and that is forward. Many of the offending nations, i.e. the imperialists, have done a great deal toward helping others move forward as well.
Whats done is done.Good grief all this stuff happened over 100 years ago. Let it rest.
No, sorry, Doug--- not when my right to vote is being threatened and our schools are being resegregated and my children's opportunities to enter college and being rolled back. This legacy of Jim Crow superiority/inferiority/ power and powerlessness is rearing its ugly head again, and people need to gear up and fight the power once again. Can't let it rest, they already think we're lazy and shiftless...complacent... Check out Newt Gingrich's recent comments about the President. As long as guys like him & Romney and Scalia keep the poor & powerless on the run, we have to stand tall, face the oppressor and fight back.
Say that to the Hollohoax infatuated crazy Jews!
While the US is no innocent in the era of colonialism, we surely are paying the price for the French and British deeds in the Middle East and Africa. Egypt, Iraq, Afganistan, Pakistan are all leftovers from 300 years of colonial abuse. Forcing Isreal on the Palistenians was another colonial gaff. We can also thank Fascist Italy for paving the way for Gaddafi in Libya. It is little wonder that the West is hated and resented throughout the Middle East and Africa today! Some compensation is due, but why must the US be the one to spend blood and treasure to fix this European mess? Oh, stupid, it's for the oil. I guess colonialism is not yet dead.
If you read the true facts on Qaddafi's rein you will see that few dictators have ever done more for their people after (((kicking))) the US/EU oil thieves out of his country. He sent 'every' Libyan $500.00 each year as their participation in Libya's 'oil profits.' (Can you see the robber barons of Exxon-Moble, Phillips Petroleum, etc. doing this?) He offered Libyans a free education anywhere on the planet; If you were sick he woulkd send you to the best hospitals and doctors in 'any' country; Free land, seed, fertilizer and tractors for the farmers; a free home for newlyweds and others; Roads, HIV Clinics, factories; Pre-natal clinics all over Africa for his fellow Africans (The African nations resisted the invasion by the UNITED SNAKES (US/NATO) to steal Libya's oil/gas resources, but lacked the military to fight. His world famous underground 'river' (Irrigation system) was turning Libya green. His setting up of a $2b satellitte system freed the Africans from the European high-tech rapists and thieves. His last efforts to replace the US dollar (For which he had already established a $45b fund - (That was, BTW: stolen by the UNITED SNAKES), as the world trade standard was what precipitated his downfall. Viva Qaddafi the man of the people!!!
The genocidal Great Satan could do well to "just clean up its own bloody messes around the world and pay trillions in reparations for its horrendous war crimes committed against innocent people." (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Honduras, Guatemala, Chile, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Panama, Grenada, El Salvador, AF/PAK, Somalia, Iraq, Yeman, Sudan, Nicaragua, Lebanon and more recently Libya and Syria to name 'just a few.').
Most people don't realize that England was a great supportor of slavery in the United States. The English needed the cotton to sell to Indian textile companies because India was prohibited from growing its own cotton while under Brittish rule. India paid for the cotton with opium which was then shipped and sold to China. England tried to turn China into one big drug addicted society. The Chinese government finally outlawed the sale of opium which led to a war with Brittain. China finally ceded Hong Kong to England in order to bring about a peace treaty. Its all here in this video if you want to learn more. http://youtu.be/RgcdRCWEt4Q
Germany is another who is guilty of tremendous crimes against humanity. The article above stated that Germany the Herero tribe was nearly wiped out but they did not elaborate that the Germans under Lt. General Lothar Von Trotha created the first concentration camps in South Africa. The Hereros in these camps were used for medical experiments under Dr. Eugen Fischer. Dr. Fischer was attempting to do cross specie viral infections by first infecting the Herero with what they called the Jaundice virus (a.k.a. Hepatitus A, B, and C). It is believed that they succeded in crossing the Simean Immuno Suppressive Virus (S.I.V.) to humans now known as (H.I.V.). Adolph Hitler read Dr. Fischers book PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN HEREDITY AND RACIAL HYGIENE. This book is what gave Hitler the idea for concentration camps in Nazi Germany.
In 1925 Dr. Eugen Fischer was the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institue for Anthropology, Human genetics, and Eugenics. The American Rockefeller foundation was funding Dr. Fischer and the American version of the Eugenics program in which many Americans were castrated and institutionalized against their will. It is believed that Dr. Fischer and the Nazis had the H.I.V. virus in thier possesion back in the mid to late 1940's. The virus was later released by the World Health Organization into the NYC gay community under the guise of a Hepatitis vaccine. Vaccines that were tainted with the H.I.V. virus.
There is so much more information but too much to post it all here. I would urge you all to read the books by Dr. Leonard G. Horowitz DEATH IN THE AIR and THE RISE OF A.I.D.S, EBOLA AND OTHER DISEASES.
Lastly, let's not forget the attrocities commited by white Americans against Native American Indians, Alaskan Innuits, Hawaiians, Samoans, Mexicans, Philipinos, and the Black African slaves that were brought to this country against their will.
Hey amigo Poltergiest.....
Thanks for your contribution. In a world filled with a tsunami of GED drop-outs and racist ignoramouses posting venomous comments on the web you are like a fresh ocean breeze blowing in from the sea on a hot Hawiian night. Psst, but, can you do a 360 with your head? LOL! :)
Thank you Sam, for providing us this simple truth compared to that unadulterated, convoluted racist bulls--t posted here by the willingly blind readers of this article. To reiterate your point, the European colonial powers traipsed around the world seizing land, killing and displacing its occupants, stealing their resources amassing wealth, and causing mass disruption and suffering in indigenous cultures and tribes and societies. Black America has not recovered from slavery. Native Americans are still suffering from their land being stolen from them and being shunted off to remote "reservations". The Inca civilization and all of its inhabitants was wiped off the face of the earth by the conquistadores. South Africans may have their government back in their hands, but none of the wealth generated by their gold and diamonds. And so on, ad nauseum. This article or any public view of conditions in the Third World, only reveals the truth of the baseline evil of Colonialism that has evolved into modern-day capitalism. Oh did I mention that Black America still has not recovered from the effects of slavery, its dehumanization, denigration, and the assumed right of superiority of one person to "own" another? Let me keep it real simple...some folks are simply not able to confront or stomach the real facts of history. Wherever the European man has gone in this world, violence, death, destruction, disease, chaos and disruption has ensued. This is not my opinion. This is world history, repulsive as it is. Read it.
Yassar, as the bankrupt UNITED SNAKES (US/Britain/France) see their glorious past disappearing along with their treasure and oil/gas resources, they have turned to being the low life sonsofbitches of the past, shamelessly attacking little impotent nations like Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia Honduras, Guatemala, Grenada, Dominican Republic, Cuba while subjugating countries like Haiti and watching their people live in abject poverty while pretending to help them - (Clinton brough clothes manufacturing jobs to Haiti after their earthquake that pay the people 'less' than 4.00/day and pretended to be the 'hero' whooppee!), El Salvador, Panama, Palestine, AF/PAK, Somalia, Yemen and now they expand their state terror to oil rich Libya and places only known to them and God in Africa. When the (((hammer))) falls and China and Russia rule the world it will be a shock to AmeriKKKa the way they will treat her. Remember, 'Nothing is forever except diamonds.' So, you better be good for Goodness' sake, like the song goes, parasite cabrones!!
RE: Native Americans --- How many of you understand where the Constitution for the united States of America came from? The Iroquois Nation! Did you know that the Corp. USA Congress actually made an official 'Thank You" to the Native Americans for this gift to the USA??? The Native Americans were very advanced in Human Rights and had hundreds of Nations. Yes, they had wars, but the many nations did indeed have Law and Respect. I would recommend you all take a few minutes of your distracted lives and watch a video at Republic of Lakota.....you will learn a LOT!!!! Blessings.
Terror is the traditional weapon of native peoples whose armaments do not match those of their occupiers. The Mau Mau, for instance, targeted British children, hacking off heads with machetes... The British -- quite naturally -- responded with their own brand of terror. I do not believe that anyone had clean hands in that long ago cauldron of hatred.
If these matters suddenly receive publicity, airing both sides of an almost forgotten issue, then U.S. politics and politicians may become involved since the American President springs -- at least in part -- from those very same Kenyans who terrorized the British. It could become a political 'hot potato' once more.
People defending their own turf, their natural resources, and their way of life (Palestinians, Taliban, Hezbollah, Iran, Venezuela, Iraq, Syria, Somalia and Yemen) are never terrorists. All of these countries, or groups, resist/resisted foreign intervention (aggression) and kicked out the US/EU oil/gas predators at one time or another). They were never-never terrorists or war criminals. Remember, 'all is fair in love and just war.' US financing of Jewish terrorism gave us WTC-1. Robert Kennedy's assassination was brought on by his support of terrorist Israel (Right, Sirhan-Sirhan?). The UNITED SNAKES (US/NATO) are the biggest genociders on the planet from their recent converion as defenders of democracy to their present form, 'plain garden variety low life killers and predator resource thieves.' They get what they deserve (Right Taliban 'freedom fighters?')
The white man is a the purest form of evil known to man.
Amen Bro.......
None of this relevant, its all past BS. No one gives a shi*.
Or just maybe Mugabe can be sued for all the gakurindi, Where Mugabe and his 5th Brigade from NORTH KOREA, MURDERED 20.000 ZIMBABWEANS, and that was done in the early 80's here Carter Endorsd Mugabe to Rule Rhodesia..and those people who murdered innocent civilians women children etc are still walking around today...HAS THIS WORLD LEARNT NOTHING FROM WORLD WAR 2, I GUESS NOT DICTATORS AROUND THE WORLD CAN GO ON KILLING AND GET AWAY WITH IT.
Oh baby, we need to get ya a GED and a few units of English composition, pronto!.
The United States, Britain and France wrote the (((toughest))) Nuremburg Protocols during the Nuremburg trials to prosecute the Nazi war criminals (and future aggressors and future war crimes) to be punished hard and swiftly. Today, the murderous bankrupt UNITED SNAKES (US/NATO) oil/gas thieves flout these laws as they have become the perpetuators of what was then defined by Nuremburg as the ultimate war crime (aggressing against another nation) and the bastards 'rewite the laws' as they go. Making sure that aggression, murder, maiming, torture; wartime crimes and acts of rape, sodomy; and 'crimes against humanity' (genocide) are never used when defining their horriffic crimes of war and the theft of the oil/gas and mineral resources from small impotent nations that 'lay at their mercy' with insufficient military means to 'kick them in the crotch,' with a vigorous defense.